* Note when you have a root with a full vowel (a, e, i), it will change to u when the suffix =stuhw is added. So qwal with =stuhw goes to qwulstuhw.
12.3 =st(uhw) causative suffix.
The causative suffix =st (=stuhw when the object is third person) can be added to intransitive verbs.
12.3a When it is added to a simple intransitive, it means “cause” or “make someone do something”.
’itut
’itut-stuhw
“sleep”
“get him/her/them sleep”
yaays
yaaysstuhw
“work”
“have him/her/them work”
’ushul
’ushulstuhw
“paddle”
“have him/her/them paddle”
12.3b When it is added onto a verb of motion, it means “cause someone or something to undergo motion”.
m’i ’ewu
m’ewustuhw
“come here”
“bring him/her/them”
nem’
ne-mustuhw
“go”
“take him/her/them”
tsam
tsumstuhw *
“go up to the mountains”
“take him/her/them up to the mountains”
* Note when you have a root with a full vowel (a, e, i), it will change to u when the suffix =stuhw is added. So qwal with =stuhw goes to qwulstuhw.
12.3c In some cases, adding a causative suffix to a verb means that the action is directed toward someone.
qwal
qwul’stuhw
“speak”
“speak to him/her/them”
huw’a’lum’
huw’a’lum’stuhw
“play”
“play with him/her/them”
12.3d When the causative suffix is added to an adjective it means “to find or have something” in the state described by the adjective.
statul’stuhw
“know” (= “find it clear”)
’uy’stuhw
“like” (= “find it good”)
sqw’uqw’il’stuhw
“have it cooked”
12.4 What do these words mean?
qulstuhw
’aalhstuhw
q’ulum’stuhw
huye’stuhw
teemstuhw
’ile’uqumstuhw
si’qstuhw
sts’uts’e’stuhw
t’ukw’stuhw
hwiwulstuhw
p’ukwstuhw
t’i’wi’ulhstuhw
12.5 How do you say it?
stand them up
take it down to the beach, bring it down from the mountains
make them run
get them to listen
make them smile
send them picking
make them clap their hands
have them dance
have it underneath with weight bearing down
have them inside
get them here
have them get in the front seat
tell them to shut up
get them to speak a First Nations Language
12.6 Causatives with object suffixes.
Just like with the transitive suffix –t, the causative suffix can be followed by object and passive suffixes.
’ulhtunustam’sh
“feed me”
’ulhtunustamu
“feed you”
’ulhtunustal’hw
“feed us”
’ulhtunustalu
“feed you (pl)”
’ulhtunustuhw
“feed him/her/it/them”
ni’ ’ulhtunustelum.
“I was fed.”
ni’ ’ulhtunustaam.
“You were fed.”
ni’ ’ulhtunustalum.
“We/you (pl) were fed.”
ni’ ’ulhtunustum.
“He/she/it/they were fed.”
12.7 Substitution drill.
I put the baby to sleep.
ni’ tsun ’itut-stuhw lhu qeq.
you: me
we: her
she: me
she: him
I: you (pl)
you: us
us: you
she: us
I: her
12.8 Substitution drill.
He was sat down.
ni’ ’umut-stum.
I
we
you
she
you (pl)
I: by the man
you: by the woman
he: by John
we: by our mother
you (pl): by Mary
12.9 Pattern practice.
I made him work.
ni’ tsun yaaysstuhw.
sleep
walk
sing
run
cry
shut up
12.10 Pattern practice.
He brought it.
ni’ m’ewustuhwus.
took it
brought it here
brought it home
took it along
took it down to the beach
took it up to the mountains
took it across to the other side
put it in the car
12.11 Pattern practice.
They had us call.
ni’ teemstalum.
dance
pick
work
smile
listen
stand up
eat
stop
laugh
stay overnight
12.12 Substitution drill
Do you like Mary?
’i ’u ch ’uy’stuhw lhu Mary?
crabapples
me
the book
my car
smoked salmon
your house
my ring
us
12.13 -stunuq “make the people”.
The causative suffix =st can be combined with the lexical suffix -unuq “people”. This makes a special form meaning “make people do something”.
ni’ ’umut-stunuq kwthu John.
“John seated the people.”
ni’ ’ulhtunustunuq lhu si’em’.
“The honored woman fed the people.”
ni’ t’i’wi’ulhstunuq kwthu luplit.
“The priest had the people pray.”
ni’ ’unuhwstunuq kwthu si’em’.
“The honored man stopped the people.”
12.14 =stunamut “to pretend”.
The causative suffix =st can be combined with the out-of-control reflexive suffix =namut to form =stunamut mean “pretend” (=stun’a’mut in the progressive)
